Pushdown automata using a limited and unlimited amount of nondeterminism are investigated. Moreover, nondeterministic steps are allowed only within certain contexts, i.e., in configurations that meet particular conditions. The relationships of the accepted language families with closures of the deterministic context-free languages (DCFL) under regular operations are studied. For example, automata with unbounded nondeterminism that have to empty their pushdown store up to the initial symbol in order to make a guess are characterized by the regular closure of DCFL. Automata that additionally have to reenter the initial state are (almost) characterized by the Kleene star closure of the union closure of the prefix-free deterministic context-free languages. Pushdown automata with bounded nondeterminism are characterized by the union closure of DCFL in any of the considered contexts. Proper inclusions between all language classes discussed are shown. Finally, closure properties of these families under AFL operations are investigated.
Keywords: deterministic context-free languages, regular closure, closure properties, limited nondeterminism
